Abenaki- Penobscat speak Algonkian. It was once spoken by two related tribes. Today only a few speak the western Abenaki language. The last fluent speaker has about died. Some elders are working to revive it's use.This is a complex language. This tribe with the Maliseets , Passamaquoddys and the Micmaqs were members of the of old Wabanaki Confederacy. These allies spoke related related languages and Abnaki have the same Algonquin root. Today there are 12,000 Abnaki in New England, and Quebec, and 3000 in Maine.
Today 2000 Abenaki and Wabanaki live on two reserves in Quebec. They have 2000 people , and 10,000 Abenaki descendants are descendants are throughout New England. There are three bands of Abenaki in the U.S.
During the 1500's about 75% Native Americans in New England died of Anglo diseases. After these tragedies the survivors merged together. They retreated to Canada and never received federal recognition. They were originally from New England. They settled on the Odanak and Wolinak River after 1600's.
The Abenaki warrior was required to protect his family clan and band. The bulk of heavy work was done by the the women who foods, kept the household running and raised the children. Their farmed the corn, beans, squash. The men hunted, fished, cleared trees and built wigwams. They made birchbark canoes. They built towers. The warriors traveled long distances without resting, but ate ground cornmeal with strips of dried smoked meat. They gave the French meat and trapped and exchanged goods with them.
Special ceremonies would be likely for a marriage, a death, a planting, the Harvest, warfare, and trading. They kept their ceremonies with certain prayers for the gatherings - the Creator, Mother Earth, Father Sky, and the Four Directions and all our relations to bless the gatherings. They sing songs and dance various dances.
They lived a spherical lodge about 8 to 14" in diameter for healing and sweats. They built their lodges with poles covered with bark and buffalo hides. They also built a long house lodge to accommodate men on the eastern end and women on the western end. They had a division of labor based on a philosophy. The men hunted and fished. The women picked berries and nuts, gathered lily roots, wild rice, onions and garlic, mushrooms, nut, wild cabbage, and herbs. medicinal plants were yarrow, burdock, foxglove, catnip, and licorice.
They planted corn using a method called companion farming. The 3 sisters were planted on a big mound. All were harvested at the same time and were dried for winter. They also grew snow peas., cucumbers, and gourds.
The Indians had trout, turkey, salmon, clam chowder, cornbread, and turtle soups.
Native-languages.org
Thursday, October 20, 2011
Algonquians in Ontario
These folks call themselves "The People". Their language is related to Abenakis, Ojibway, the Pequot and others. The Algonkian language is the widest First Nation Language in the Americas. They were forced to settle in the Outaouais region: the Algonquins lived a nomadic life through fishing and hunting in nature. Before the anglos came here, they had a large system of trade between Algonquians and other nations. They had a large system of trade between Algonquins and other products for exchange for tabacco, corn, beans, and squash with the Iroquois. They traded with the Huron, and exchanged pelts, game for corn. and fishing nets. After the anglos came here they traded tools, utensils, and clothes.
During the 19th century, forest operations, reduced their hunting grounds with the Ottawa and Gationeau Rivers. This trend resulted in confiscation of what was left of their their trap lines. Many villages moved north.
The Algonquins became prosperous with acquiring fire arms and iron traps. Hunting was easierand fur trade brought them money. Their lifestyle changed. Their lifestyle changed. They wore fabric clothing vs pelts and fabric tents. They became dependant on trade with anglos.
Today 4500 of 7800 Algonquians live in nine communities in 9 communities in Ouitaouais and Abitibi regions. They Have health, education, social service and small businesses are operating in the construction, forestry, transport sectors among others. The band administers police under an agreement.
In 1980 their their council was founded to protect their interests. The Algonkian Association provides financial support and advice to the Algonquins for businesses.
Indianmarketing.com
During the 19th century, forest operations, reduced their hunting grounds with the Ottawa and Gationeau Rivers. This trend resulted in confiscation of what was left of their their trap lines. Many villages moved north.
The Algonquins became prosperous with acquiring fire arms and iron traps. Hunting was easierand fur trade brought them money. Their lifestyle changed. Their lifestyle changed. They wore fabric clothing vs pelts and fabric tents. They became dependant on trade with anglos.
Today 4500 of 7800 Algonquians live in nine communities in 9 communities in Ouitaouais and Abitibi regions. They Have health, education, social service and small businesses are operating in the construction, forestry, transport sectors among others. The band administers police under an agreement.
In 1980 their their council was founded to protect their interests. The Algonkian Association provides financial support and advice to the Algonquins for businesses.
Indianmarketing.com
Sonoma County Museum Lecture on a Coastal Bike Trip
Last week I went to a lecture and exhibit of old and new bicycles. Evelyn Gibb wrote a short book about her father's unusual bike trip in 1909 from Santa Rosa to the Yukon. He brought a good friend who he knew from grade school. They had little money but both were determined to make this trip work. It was after the 1906 earthquake and many schools had to close to undertake repair. Children helped their families rebuild communities. Evelyn was given information about this trip when she and her father had a couple of hours for several year when he was 87. There were no TVs. The first world's fair was in Seattle in 1909.
The boys had helped out in the hops fields here and got money to buy saddle bags for their old style bikes, headlamps, and cycloniper. They were 19 years old and encountered all types of problems - sickness, flat tubes, roads turned into dirt trails, no clear maps, they got hurt, had girl problems, rain, had to carry bikes in some places. They used railroad maps and tunnels which were dangerous. they would stop every so often to do jobs in hop fields to get some food and money. Whenever farmers saw them they invited them in for a meal. They had no tents, only a blanket and tarp. They carried a bilican or budda of clay which illustrated
'three things that ought to be'. They met the Igorot tribe from the Philippines in Washington state. In Oregon Greek immigrants invited them to dinner.
It took them 54 days to travel about 1000 miles. Oregon State University has published the book which was adapted into a stage play. It was an award wining book and she also wrote some stories in Chicken Soup for the Soul. In 2009 12 people reenacted this trip.
The Museum had an interesting exhibit about many varieties of historic bikes and described their component and how old they were. Charlie Cunningham wrote" I've seen mountain bike rides transform people not just their bodies, but their way of thinking-their spirit".
The boys had helped out in the hops fields here and got money to buy saddle bags for their old style bikes, headlamps, and cycloniper. They were 19 years old and encountered all types of problems - sickness, flat tubes, roads turned into dirt trails, no clear maps, they got hurt, had girl problems, rain, had to carry bikes in some places. They used railroad maps and tunnels which were dangerous. they would stop every so often to do jobs in hop fields to get some food and money. Whenever farmers saw them they invited them in for a meal. They had no tents, only a blanket and tarp. They carried a bilican or budda of clay which illustrated
'three things that ought to be'. They met the Igorot tribe from the Philippines in Washington state. In Oregon Greek immigrants invited them to dinner.
It took them 54 days to travel about 1000 miles. Oregon State University has published the book which was adapted into a stage play. It was an award wining book and she also wrote some stories in Chicken Soup for the Soul. In 2009 12 people reenacted this trip.
The Museum had an interesting exhibit about many varieties of historic bikes and described their component and how old they were. Charlie Cunningham wrote" I've seen mountain bike rides transform people not just their bodies, but their way of thinking-their spirit".
Homeshow Weekend of October 17
This weekend I went to a homeshow and discovered an artist' exhibition. They had all kinds of paintings, photography and various sculptures, and quilts. One indoor hall had various companies represented in kiosks. One lady demonstrated a new group of cookware. She gave us a free salad and good information pertaining to the use of teflon cookware. She said to throw it out as well as any iron skillets since they leave poisonous residuals. The cookware that she used did not require water or oil and cooks very fast and it outlasts any other cookware. She developed good rapport with the audience by asking them questions and opinions. She passed around the meat, potatoes,yams, broccoli and carrots that cooked for less than 1/2 hour. They were great without fat.
There were people speaking about air quality in your house, how to seal under your house so mold isn't a problem. Solar heating, wall insulation, solar light vents, kitchen remodels, jewelry, pet supplies, a nonprofit for helping African children, and various food vendors. I also met people from a restore outlet store where you can donate used materials or get recycled home improvement materials.It wasn't that crowded as people were watching a ball game that day. They also had some motor homes that I didn't have time to look at.
For the last three years there have been train shows here. One man sold Thomas the Tank trains which are getting more expensive. They had two main halls which were filled with children's toys, trains, and a clown. And the large main hall was filled with about eight model train exhibits! These were new to me. There even was a computerized miniature train with 10 cars that was operated by a small phone computer! the people here were both young and old. one exhibitor sold drawings of trains. Most just exhibited various landscapes. One model railroad had an outdoor theatre which apparently worked at one time. Most others just exhibited various landscapes and sold tracks, cars, and plants.
There were people speaking about air quality in your house, how to seal under your house so mold isn't a problem. Solar heating, wall insulation, solar light vents, kitchen remodels, jewelry, pet supplies, a nonprofit for helping African children, and various food vendors. I also met people from a restore outlet store where you can donate used materials or get recycled home improvement materials.It wasn't that crowded as people were watching a ball game that day. They also had some motor homes that I didn't have time to look at.
For the last three years there have been train shows here. One man sold Thomas the Tank trains which are getting more expensive. They had two main halls which were filled with children's toys, trains, and a clown. And the large main hall was filled with about eight model train exhibits! These were new to me. There even was a computerized miniature train with 10 cars that was operated by a small phone computer! the people here were both young and old. one exhibitor sold drawings of trains. Most just exhibited various landscapes. One model railroad had an outdoor theatre which apparently worked at one time. Most others just exhibited various landscapes and sold tracks, cars, and plants.
Wednesday, October 19, 2011
Ojibway Indians in Canada
The Ojibway were anglicized as Chippewa or Ojibway. They spoke Anishinabe, an Algonquian language. This language is spoken by 50,000 people in the northern US and southern Canada. Ojibway is the healthiest of the native languages, with many children raised to speak it as a native language.
The people are widely distributed in northern central us and in southern Canada. Ojibwe means puckering such a the moccasin style. The Saulteneaux and Mississauga are subtribes of the Ojibway. Today there are 20,000 Ojibway Indians in their traditional territories. There are members of an alliance including the Potawatami tribe. This alliance was powerful and clashed with the Iroquois Confederacy and Sioux. They conquered both of the above. Many of their lands were appropriated by the Americans and Canadians. Today nearly all Ojibwe reservations are in their original lands.
Native-languages.org
The people are widely distributed in northern central us and in southern Canada. Ojibwe means puckering such a the moccasin style. The Saulteneaux and Mississauga are subtribes of the Ojibway. Today there are 20,000 Ojibway Indians in their traditional territories. There are members of an alliance including the Potawatami tribe. This alliance was powerful and clashed with the Iroquois Confederacy and Sioux. They conquered both of the above. Many of their lands were appropriated by the Americans and Canadians. Today nearly all Ojibwe reservations are in their original lands.
Native-languages.org
Cree Indians in Manitoba
The Cree are Algonquian language spoken by more than 45,000 people in Canada and Montana. They have major dialects. Some Cree consider them distinct dialects. The most divergent is eastern Cree. They are a close relative to Innu language and Naskapi. The3y can understnd their neighbors even though they have different dialects. The Cree dialects use shapes to represent consonants and rotate them in four directions to represent vowels.
The Cree are the largest native group in Canada, with 200,00 members. Cree comes from the French name for tribe or "Kristenaux". This word means Christian. The Cree call themselves Ayisiniwok meaning True Men. There are more than 100,000 people known as metis or mixed blood Cree and French.
Their history is so hard to synopsize because it spans a large territory from the Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Ocean. Their culture and language keep them together as a people. The Cree in Canada did not have a shared history with the anglos in Quebec and CANADA. Because they didn't share much with the anglos the Cree ddn't get much of teh European diseases. As they were a large tribe they had an affinity for intertribal marriage, as their oral history described earlier. The English tended to move indian groups further away from their villages. The French tried to engulf them. The result was metis - a race of mixed French -Cree folks. They lived happy together. Since Canada became a nation the Cree faced the same problem of self determination and land contributions that every aboriginal group has, but they are better equipped to face them. The Cree language is one of the few languages surviving into this century.
native-languages.org
The Cree are the largest native group in Canada, with 200,00 members. Cree comes from the French name for tribe or "Kristenaux". This word means Christian. The Cree call themselves Ayisiniwok meaning True Men. There are more than 100,000 people known as metis or mixed blood Cree and French.
Their history is so hard to synopsize because it spans a large territory from the Rocky Mountains to Atlantic Ocean. Their culture and language keep them together as a people. The Cree in Canada did not have a shared history with the anglos in Quebec and CANADA. Because they didn't share much with the anglos the Cree ddn't get much of teh European diseases. As they were a large tribe they had an affinity for intertribal marriage, as their oral history described earlier. The English tended to move indian groups further away from their villages. The French tried to engulf them. The result was metis - a race of mixed French -Cree folks. They lived happy together. Since Canada became a nation the Cree faced the same problem of self determination and land contributions that every aboriginal group has, but they are better equipped to face them. The Cree language is one of the few languages surviving into this century.
native-languages.org
Assiniboine Indians in Canada
The Assiniboine are speakers of a Siouan language of the Plains. So despite it's similarity to Stony language they can't understand each other. They have about 200 people in Montana and Saskatchewan. Their name is received from an Ojibwa word. for their practice of boiling food by dropping heated rocks into water. Prior to 1640 they split off from the Sioux prior to 1640. From a homeland around the Mississippi river they moved north to the Lake of the Woods to Winnepeg. At the peak of their territory they ranged around Saskatchewan in Canada.
They were first contacted by settlers called Henry Kelsey in the 1690's who hunted the buffalo. Kelsey met Assiniboine trading parties from the trading parties from the James Bay Post west along the canoe route into present day Saskatchewan. They ensured that the fur pelts went to the Hudson Bay company in trade for metal utensils, fires, arms, beads and cloth, tobacco and liquor.
In 1730's other traders confirmed the location of the Assiniboine throughout the western plains their cultural perspective was recorded by the early settlers. Their trails became major trade routes. The anglos valued them for their ability to trap fur bearing animals. Their traditional campsites became centers for the distribution of trading posts on the network of rivers from the Rocky Mountain to the Hudson Bay.
By late 17th century they were noted for pemmican production. They traded European goods to distant Plains groups. After 1730's when they got horses the Assiniboine also had access to guns and metal trade goods and enhanced their role in the fur trade economy. They were allied with the Cree in the 1800's.
They were intermittently in conflict with the Blackfeet, Gros Ventura, and their Sioux relatives. They suffered from European diseases and smallpox. They had a population of over 10,000 in the late 18th century. Their numbers declined catastrophically to 2100 by 1890. By the 1920's they began to increase because of improved health.
Their culture exhibited most of the Plains native traits. Their expertise was in constructing buffalo pounds. They made a greater use of dogs to load their tipis, hides, and personal possessions as they followed the buffalo, deer, elk, moose, and small tanned hides.
Their most sacred ceremony was the sun dance. It was held in early summer after the spring buffalo hunts. They also hunted the other furry animals. The men and women honored the Great Spirit through sacred ceremonies - praying, singing, drumming, dancing, fasting, and they had a feast. Young men would goon a vision quest to sacred grounds. in order to observe their guardian spirits and sacred songs.
On special occasions they had leaders who were chosen for a war chief to lead a battle , or a hunting chief for buffalo hunts. People of wisdom or talent were heard at council to reach consensus on on issues. Today these nations are of aboriginal self government through elected Band Councils., but within the constraints of an Indian Act.. The Constitution of 1982 makes decisions. The Assiniboine reserve is located near Regina and covers 41,000 acres. Their population in 1996 numbered about 981.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
They were first contacted by settlers called Henry Kelsey in the 1690's who hunted the buffalo. Kelsey met Assiniboine trading parties from the trading parties from the James Bay Post west along the canoe route into present day Saskatchewan. They ensured that the fur pelts went to the Hudson Bay company in trade for metal utensils, fires, arms, beads and cloth, tobacco and liquor.
In 1730's other traders confirmed the location of the Assiniboine throughout the western plains their cultural perspective was recorded by the early settlers. Their trails became major trade routes. The anglos valued them for their ability to trap fur bearing animals. Their traditional campsites became centers for the distribution of trading posts on the network of rivers from the Rocky Mountain to the Hudson Bay.
By late 17th century they were noted for pemmican production. They traded European goods to distant Plains groups. After 1730's when they got horses the Assiniboine also had access to guns and metal trade goods and enhanced their role in the fur trade economy. They were allied with the Cree in the 1800's.
They were intermittently in conflict with the Blackfeet, Gros Ventura, and their Sioux relatives. They suffered from European diseases and smallpox. They had a population of over 10,000 in the late 18th century. Their numbers declined catastrophically to 2100 by 1890. By the 1920's they began to increase because of improved health.
Their culture exhibited most of the Plains native traits. Their expertise was in constructing buffalo pounds. They made a greater use of dogs to load their tipis, hides, and personal possessions as they followed the buffalo, deer, elk, moose, and small tanned hides.
Their most sacred ceremony was the sun dance. It was held in early summer after the spring buffalo hunts. They also hunted the other furry animals. The men and women honored the Great Spirit through sacred ceremonies - praying, singing, drumming, dancing, fasting, and they had a feast. Young men would goon a vision quest to sacred grounds. in order to observe their guardian spirits and sacred songs.
On special occasions they had leaders who were chosen for a war chief to lead a battle , or a hunting chief for buffalo hunts. People of wisdom or talent were heard at council to reach consensus on on issues. Today these nations are of aboriginal self government through elected Band Councils., but within the constraints of an Indian Act.. The Constitution of 1982 makes decisions. The Assiniboine reserve is located near Regina and covers 41,000 acres. Their population in 1996 numbered about 981.
NATIVE-LANGUAGES.ORG
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